Kahina Bahloul
Kahina Bahloul | |
|---|---|
 Bahloul in 2021 | |
| Title | Imam |
| Personal | |
| Born | March 5, 1979 Paris, France |
| Religion | Islam |
| Nationality | French, Algerian |
| Denomination | Sufism |
| School | |
| Organization | |
| Founder of | Fatma Mosque |
Kahina Bahloul (born 5 March 1979) is a French imam and Islamic academic. An adherent of Sufism, she became the first female imam in France in 2019, when she founded the unisex Fatima Mosque. Bahloul advocates modernist reforms in Islam, including equal rights for women in Islam and the creation of a distinct French Muslim identity.
Early life[edit]
Kahina Bahloul was born in Paris to a French mother and a Kabyle Algerian father.[1] Her family was interfaith: her father was Muslim, and her atheist mother was the child of a French Catholic man and a Polish Jewish woman.[2]: 3 As a child, Bahloul was raised in the Kabylia region of Algeria.[3] Her mother moved back to France, so she was raised by her father and his family. She became fluent in Arabic, French, and a Berber language.[4]
Though her father had little formal knowledge about Islam, he her to practice the religion in conjunction with humanism and progressivism.She never left Islam, but she distanced herself from the religion as a teenager because she felt unwelcome as a woman.[3] While in Kabyila, Bahloul obtained her master's degree in law. She took interest in the law's adherence to Sharia, as opposed to other places where Western law was inherited through colonialism, but also that in her view patriarchy in Algeria prioritized men over Sharia. As the Algerian Civil War progressed, Bahloul objected to what she saw as fundamentalist Islam being imported to Algeria from Saudi Arabia, including the expectation of women to wear a hijab.[4]
Bahloul returned to France in 2003.[1] The state of Islam, including the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, gave her further reservations about the religion.[4] The death of her father in 2009 revitalized her interest in religion.[5] She coped with his death through the works of Syrian poet Khaled Roumo.[3] She found that secularism in France gave religion meaning to her, as she was allowed to choose her beliefs instead of being expected to follow the religion.[2]: 3
Bahloul stopped attending mosques in 2014 because of sex segregation that she said resulted in lower quality facilities for Muslim women.[6] She spent 12 years working in the insurance business before leaving the career in 2015 to return to school,[3] and she attended the École pratique des hautes études to obtain a doctorate in Islamic studies.[7] It was at this time that she explored Sufism and mysticism in Islam,[3] which she studied under Cheikh Bentounès in his progressive Alawya Sufi order.[2]: 3
France saw a rise in Islamic terrorism at this time, which brought a crackdown on Muslim communities, including closures of mosques and investigations into their funding. Bahloul saw this as evidence that French Muslims needed to "reclaim their faith".[7] The November 2015 Paris attacks reminded her of the oppression that she saw carried out in Islam's name while she lived in Algeria.[2]: 4 It convinced her that she should become involved in Islamic reform, and she decided to become an imam.[8] To further her involvement, she began sharing her religious beliefs when she created Parle moi d'Islam (transl. Talk to me about Islam) on YouTube.[6]
Fatima Mosque[edit]
Bahloul set out to create a unisex place of worship, and she applied for the establishment of Fatima Mosque in November 2018, co-founding it with philosophy professor Faker Korchane.[8] Bahloul became an imam in May 2019, making her the first French woman to hold the title.[1] She delivered her first sermon to a mixed gender group of ten women and twelve men.[5] As she became a prominent figure in the French Muslim community, she held workshops in Drancy about Islamic prophets with the Alawya order, and she co-founded La Maison de la Paix, which provided Sufi teachings in Paris with the Norwegian imam Annika Skattum. La Maison de la Paix lacked funding and closed after one year.[3]
Bahloul formally announced the creation of Fatima Mosque in September 2019, making the announcement at Saint-Jean Lutheran Church.[2]: 4 Men and women are allowed to pray together on opposite sides of the prayer hall, and the imam leading prayers alternates between a man and a woman each week.[8] It allows worship by non-Muslims, welcomes LGBT people, and conducts marriages between Muslim women and non-Muslim men.[2]: 5 As the project became known, Bahloul received derision and threats from conservative Muslims.[1][3] Crowdfunding was held to establish a permanent location, but it was unsuccessful. Instead, rooms are rented each week, the exact locations kept secret to avoid violence. The first service was held in February 2020, but the COVID-19 pandemic began shortly afterward, and the mosque's activity was held online until the following year.[2]: 4
Bahloul wrote a memoir, Mon islam, ma liberté (transl. My Islam, My Freedom), in 2021.[1] She was identified by Forbes as one of the 40 most important women in France the same year.[2]: 5 Fatima Mosque became less active online in 2022. Korchane left the mosque in 2023 in protest of Bahloul's support of French religious policies such as an abaya ban.[2]: 5
Religious and political views[edit]
Bahloul adheres to Sufism as taught by Ibn Arabi.[9] She invokes Sufism as a form of individualist Islam that is free of dogma.[2]: 7 Abu Bakr al-Razi,[4] Mohammed Arkoun,[2]: 9 Rabia Basri, and Emir Abdelkader are other influences. Her understanding of Islam is one based in love demonstrated by submission to Allah. Bahloul believes that Islam should emphasize spirituality over orthodoxy and radicalism.[9] Bahloul supports the liberalization of Islam,[3][10] and she is critical of mainstream Islamic scholarship, alleging that it "emanates from medieval thought".[7] She considers social science to be a fundamental aspect of religion as a means of reform, and in her own life she substituted traditional religious training for academic Islamic studies.[2]: 9–10 She believes that the lack of central authority in Islam invites new interpretations and personal understandings of the religion,[10] and that the increased access to the text in the modern era allows for individual reading of the Quran.[7]
Bahloul advocates equal rights for women in Islam and acceptance of women's participation in the religion.[3][10] She believes in a form of Islamic feminism that unifies men and women in Islam by "rebuilding a complementary feminism".[4] Bahloul argues that society would be improved by a stronger feminine presence and that women have an obligation to challenge injustice.[5] She opposes conservative sects of Islam, which she says view the religion from a male perspective, promoting patriarchy and misogyny.[8] She also opposes the understanding of fiqh that places limits on inheritance and divorce for women.[2]: 8 Bahloul argues that female imams are permitted by the Quran as it makes no mention of the role, but that the lack of female imams has led people to believe it is forbidden.[7]
Bahloul does not wear a veil, maintaining that it is not required by the Quran.[6] She has insisted that women should be allowed to wear what they wish, but she has also condemned the use of a veil as Islamist and described its acceptance as a victory for Islamism.[2]: 11–12 She opposed restrictions on veils in schools when they were proposed in 2019, but she supported such a restriction after it became law in 2021.[2]: 12
Bahloul has called for the development of a French Islamic religious identity distinct from that of Muslim-majority nations. She is critical of the French Council of the Muslim Faith, arguing that it represents the Islamic governments of other nations rather than French Muslims.[7] Bahloul has criticized the French government for working with the council and mosques backed by other nations.[2]: 12 Her movement is distinct from other reformist Islamic groups in that it supports French secularism and movement of religion to the private space.[2]: 9
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e Larousse, Virginie (2021-04-03). "Kahina Bahloul, première imame de France : " Gardons-nous de faire de l'islam une identité à part entière "" [Kahina Bahloul, first imam of France: "Let's be careful not to make Islam a full identity"]. Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 2023-03-02.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Piraino, Francesco (2024). "A female imam in Paris: Islam, gender, and secular normativity". Culture and Religion: 1–21. doi:10.1080/14755610.2024.2350950. ISSN 1475-5610.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Eschapasse, Baudouin (2019-01-09). "Kahina Bahloul, l'islamologue qui veut ouvrir une mosquée " inclusive "" [Kahina Bahloul, the Islamologist who wants to open an “inclusive” mosque]. Le Point (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
- ^ a b c d e Henni-Moulaï, Nadia (8 February 2019). "Kahina Bahloul, ou le combat pour un islam érudit et décliné au féminin" [Kahina Bahloul, or the fight for an erudite and feminine Islam]. Middle East Eye (in French). Retrieved 2024-06-11.
- ^ a b c "Kahina Bahloul, 1ère femme imam de France et d'origine algérienne, raconte son parcours" [Kahina Bahloul, 1st female imam of France and of Algerian origin, recounts her journey]. Algerie 360 (in French). 2023-03-08. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
- ^ a b c Hird, Alison (2019-01-10). "French Muslim women push for 'inclusive' mosque in Paris". RFI. Archived from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
- ^ a b c d e f Borges, Anelise (2021-04-21). "Meet France's first female imam who is on a mission to modernise Islam". euronews. Archived from the original on 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
- ^ a b c d Wemaëre, Alcyone (2019-02-05). "The rise of the female imam in France?". France 24. Archived from the original on 2022-01-02. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
- ^ a b Van Mele, Lieven (20 May 2021). "Mon islam, ma liberté" [My Islam, my freedom]. Doorbraak (in Dutch). Retrieved 2024-06-11.
- ^ a b c Bancaud, Delphine (2019-07-22). "Quel est le projet de Kahina Bahloul, première imame de France?" [Kahina Bahloul, first imam of France: “My journey is a symbol of the renewal of Muslim thought”]. 20 Minutes (in French). Retrieved 2024-06-11.
Further reading[edit]
- Bahloul, Kahina (2021). Mon islam, ma liberté [My Islam, my liberty] (in French). Albin Michel. ISBN 978-2-226-46357-9.
External links[edit]
- Parle-moi d'Islam – Official YouTube channel (in French)
- "Meet Kahina Bahloul, France's first female imam" – Interview by euronews on YouTube, English subtitles (9:37)